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Study guide

If I wanted to ace the Feudalism test,

I would look up the following terms in Chapter 11 in the textbook:

Feudalism – A term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors

feudal compact – An arrangement between a lord and his vassal involving the exchange of property for personal service

fief – A grant of land and accompanying government responsibilities and power

vassal – Servant

knight  - Warriors who have gone through training and has joined the feudal compact with the lord

homage – A vassal’s act of promising loyalty and obedience to his lord

serf – Someone who works the land for life, live in crummy little cottage

baron – A great lord who exercised government authority over vast family territory

peasantry – Common people in town

estates – In the Middle Ages, the groups that made up society: often defined as those who pray; those who fight, and those who work

manor – The principal farming property and social unit of a medieval community, usually belonging to a member of the feudal nobility or to a church institution

three-field-system – A method of crop rotation designed to maintain the fertility of the soil and to provide for a regular supply of fall and spring crops

internal colonization – The process of cultivating and settling in formerly wild land in Europe

suburb

guild – An organization of merchants or craftspeople who regulated the activities of their members and set standards and prices

master – A craftsman who had the right to operate workshops, train others, and vote on guild business

journeyman – A licensed artisan who had served an apprenticeship and who was employed by a master paid at a fixed rate per day

apprentice –  A “learner” in the shop of a master

masterpiece -

water mill -

and yes, iron plow - 

Feudalism

The Feudal Compact

• ·         Feudalism is a term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors.
• ·         Warriors, known as knights, would pledge his allegiance to a lord, who would in turn give that knight land
• ·         The lord would grant a fief (property) to the knight, who would then become the lord’s vassal (servant) – this was called the “feudal compact”
• ·         The vassal must fight for the lord when he needs it and attend his court once a month.

Homage and Knighthood

• ·         A vassal was required to pay homage to his lord, usually this meant kneeling down and taking the lord’s hands in his while speaking an oath of loyalty
• ·         Men were apprenticed to older knights before they could become a full knight themselves
• ·         When a knight died, his fief would revert to his son, though his lord would be protector of that son if he was underage, or if it was a daughter.

The Feudalization of the Church

• ·         Some clergy were known to fight as knights themselves

Feudal States

• ·         Barons were lords of large territories who usually paid homage to a king
• ·         Often a baron’s army could outnumber that of a king, which kept a check on the king’s power

The Manorial Estates

• ·         Medieval society was divided into three “estates” : the clergy, the nobility, and the common people
• ·         Usually the peasantry framed on large plantations known as “manors” which were owned by a lord or lady of the nobility (or a member of the clergy)
• ·         Iron plows and water-powered grinding mills helped with agriculture production, but the yield was still miniscule by today’s standards
• ·         To maintain the health of the soil, the “three-field system” was used where two fields were planted (one in fall, one in spring) and one field was left to reconstitute it’s fertility – then they were rotated
• ·         Villages sprung up on and around manors with small cottages for the peasants and a large manor house for the lord and lady

The People of the Manor

• ·         The lord oversaw major agriculture issues but delegated everyday overseeing to his stewards or bailiffs
• ·         The lady does all the lady things, oversaw servants, entertained guests and ran the manor when her husband was away
• ·         Most peasants were serfs, meaning there we bound to the land and to their lords for “labor service: a few days each week.

The Growth of trade

• ·         The agriculture boomed after 1000 allowed for the establishment of many towns across Europe
• ·         Farm produced and animals were sold in towns and people with wealth bought their luxury items there
• ·         Items liked spices and silks came overland from port cities like Venice and Genoa, who received the goods from eastern capitals like Constantinople
• ·         Europeans exported wool, linen, horses, weaponry and slaves, to name a few
• ·         England and the Low Countries were particularly known for their trade in wool and cloth

The Location and Appearance of Towns

• ·         Most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
• ·         Residences also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
• ·         Towns were dominated by a main church and central marketplace
• ·         Buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of the town

The Life of the Townspeople

• ·         Though townspeople were free, unlike serfs, they still had a hierarchy: merchants at the top, then skilled craftsmen and artisans, then unskilled laborers  and apprentices

The Guilds

• ·         Merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own groups called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members
• ·         Craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen, and apprentices
• ·         Once became a master after spending years learning as an apprentice, working as a paid journeyman for a number of years, and completing his “masterpiece”

Test Review

Today in class we went over the answers to the test we took the other day. I was very happy with my grade.

Pax Romana means "Roman Peace" in Latin

The Pax Romana began and ended in 27 BC to 180 AC

"Gospel" means good news

Jesus practiced Judaism

Where did Paul travel to spread the news about Jesus? Rome and Ephesus

In 300 Ad how many people lived in Rome? 60 million

How did Diocletian persecute Christians?
- Burnt their books and churches
- Imprisoned bishops and priests
- Executed anyone who refused to sacrifice what they believed in for their life.

Whats the name of the city before it was renamed Constantinople? Byzantium 

What the Edict of Milan for? To stop discrimination towards people and their religion

Why did Jesus' message appeal more to the poor?
The poor was willing to listen, lost faith in the Roman gods and thought the gods were only helping the wealthy. There was a greater number of poor people.

Friday

In class we went over the homework assignment we had, I wasn't in class the day before so I didn't know about it. But I took notes.

The Germanic Barbarians 

·         Barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman culture became the “nobles” or aristocrats of medieval Europe

·         Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian peoples who lived beyond the frontiers and were still pagans. (Angles, Franks, Ostrogoth’s, Saxons, Vandals, and Visigoths)

·         The Angles and Saxons (from Denmark and northwestern Germany) invaded Britain and assimilated the native Britons

·         Most of the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in the seventh century

·         The most powerful Germanic tribe was the Franks

·         But the real power lay with the “mayors of the palace” who were royal officials and nobles themselves

From “Eastern Empire” to “Byzantium”

·         The Eastern Roman Empire continued on while the west was now divided up by the barbarian tribes

·         When the emperor Justinian came to power in 527, he decided to reunite the entire Roman Empire by reconquering the  western territories

·         Justinian succeeded for a time, but the land he re-took was soon conquered by new barbarian tribes and a massive plague depopulated most of the west

·         Greek Byzantine emperors saw themselves as Roman emperors and the heads of Christian Church

·         Byzantine preserved Greco-Roman art, architecture, philosophy and writing despite much of it being non-Christian

·         Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”) in Constantinople, considered to be the most glorious church on earth at the time.

Thursday 16

I was not in class today but I'm guessing we went over the notes we took on the pages we read in our books.

Testestestestestest

Today in class we too a test. I studied very hard for this test and I am very confident in the work I put into my essays and answers. There was only one question I didn't answer and I think it was asking how many people were in Diocletian's government, after the test and found the answer and was kind of upset because I know I should of known the answer.

Notes for pages 164 to 173...

• Shortly after A.D 700, the renewal of European civilization in the West began.

• Around A.D 800, the Carolingian warrior king Charlemagne was able to conquer barbarian peoples in central Europe.

• During the era of renewal, barbarian and nomadic peoples, notably the Norsemen and Hungarians, continued  to raid, conquer, and settle in lands that had once belonged to Rome.

• By 1000, civilization had spread throughout Europe, and the three-thousand year old European barbarian way of life came to an end.

LO1 The Carolingians

• By A.D 700, the kingdom of the Franks, once the most powerful state in western Europe, was seemingly falling apart.

• The kingdom was divided among rival kings of the Merovingian dynasty, each controlled by a "mayor of the palace" (head of the royal household)

• In 714, an out-of-wedlock son of the family by the name of Charles laid claim to the position and won it in several years of civil war.

• Charles thereby became the ancestor of the new dynasty, the Carolingians

• The Carolingians rebuilt the Frankish kingdom. It was they who began the rise of the western Europe to become the heartland of Western civilization

The Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty

• Charles was a ruthless and warlike ruler who went down in history as Charles Martel ("Charles the Hammer")

• Rewarding followers meant giving gifts of land - but not from one's own family possessions, the main source of a ruler's wealth and power.

• Charles was a generous donator of land to favored monasteries, but bishops and abbots often belonged to noble families that he distrusted.

• Charles also gave land to foot soldiers who served him in peace and war.

• In 732, an Arab army moved out of the occupied territory on a large-scale raid far north into the Frankish kingdom

..........