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Study guide

If I wanted to ace the Feudalism test,

I would look up the following terms in Chapter 11 in the textbook:

Feudalism – A term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors

feudal compact – An arrangement between a lord and his vassal involving the exchange of property for personal service

fief – A grant of land and accompanying government responsibilities and power

vassal – Servant

knight  - Warriors who have gone through training and has joined the feudal compact with the lord

homage – A vassal’s act of promising loyalty and obedience to his lord

serf – Someone who works the land for life, live in crummy little cottage

baron – A great lord who exercised government authority over vast family territory

peasantry – Common people in town

estates – In the Middle Ages, the groups that made up society: often defined as those who pray; those who fight, and those who work

manor – The principal farming property and social unit of a medieval community, usually belonging to a member of the feudal nobility or to a church institution

three-field-system – A method of crop rotation designed to maintain the fertility of the soil and to provide for a regular supply of fall and spring crops

internal colonization – The process of cultivating and settling in formerly wild land in Europe

suburb

guild – An organization of merchants or craftspeople who regulated the activities of their members and set standards and prices

master – A craftsman who had the right to operate workshops, train others, and vote on guild business

journeyman – A licensed artisan who had served an apprenticeship and who was employed by a master paid at a fixed rate per day

apprentice –  A “learner” in the shop of a master

masterpiece -

water mill -

and yes, iron plow - 

Feudalism

The Feudal Compact

• ·         Feudalism is a term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors.
• ·         Warriors, known as knights, would pledge his allegiance to a lord, who would in turn give that knight land
• ·         The lord would grant a fief (property) to the knight, who would then become the lord’s vassal (servant) – this was called the “feudal compact”
• ·         The vassal must fight for the lord when he needs it and attend his court once a month.

Homage and Knighthood

• ·         A vassal was required to pay homage to his lord, usually this meant kneeling down and taking the lord’s hands in his while speaking an oath of loyalty
• ·         Men were apprenticed to older knights before they could become a full knight themselves
• ·         When a knight died, his fief would revert to his son, though his lord would be protector of that son if he was underage, or if it was a daughter.

The Feudalization of the Church

• ·         Some clergy were known to fight as knights themselves

Feudal States

• ·         Barons were lords of large territories who usually paid homage to a king
• ·         Often a baron’s army could outnumber that of a king, which kept a check on the king’s power

The Manorial Estates

• ·         Medieval society was divided into three “estates” : the clergy, the nobility, and the common people
• ·         Usually the peasantry framed on large plantations known as “manors” which were owned by a lord or lady of the nobility (or a member of the clergy)
• ·         Iron plows and water-powered grinding mills helped with agriculture production, but the yield was still miniscule by today’s standards
• ·         To maintain the health of the soil, the “three-field system” was used where two fields were planted (one in fall, one in spring) and one field was left to reconstitute it’s fertility – then they were rotated
• ·         Villages sprung up on and around manors with small cottages for the peasants and a large manor house for the lord and lady

The People of the Manor

• ·         The lord oversaw major agriculture issues but delegated everyday overseeing to his stewards or bailiffs
• ·         The lady does all the lady things, oversaw servants, entertained guests and ran the manor when her husband was away
• ·         Most peasants were serfs, meaning there we bound to the land and to their lords for “labor service: a few days each week.

The Growth of trade

• ·         The agriculture boomed after 1000 allowed for the establishment of many towns across Europe
• ·         Farm produced and animals were sold in towns and people with wealth bought their luxury items there
• ·         Items liked spices and silks came overland from port cities like Venice and Genoa, who received the goods from eastern capitals like Constantinople
• ·         Europeans exported wool, linen, horses, weaponry and slaves, to name a few
• ·         England and the Low Countries were particularly known for their trade in wool and cloth

The Location and Appearance of Towns

• ·         Most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
• ·         Residences also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
• ·         Towns were dominated by a main church and central marketplace
• ·         Buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of the town

The Life of the Townspeople

• ·         Though townspeople were free, unlike serfs, they still had a hierarchy: merchants at the top, then skilled craftsmen and artisans, then unskilled laborers  and apprentices

The Guilds

• ·         Merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own groups called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members
• ·         Craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen, and apprentices
• ·         Once became a master after spending years learning as an apprentice, working as a paid journeyman for a number of years, and completing his “masterpiece”

Test Review

Today in class we went over the answers to the test we took the other day. I was very happy with my grade.

Pax Romana means "Roman Peace" in Latin

The Pax Romana began and ended in 27 BC to 180 AC

"Gospel" means good news

Jesus practiced Judaism

Where did Paul travel to spread the news about Jesus? Rome and Ephesus

In 300 Ad how many people lived in Rome? 60 million

How did Diocletian persecute Christians?
- Burnt their books and churches
- Imprisoned bishops and priests
- Executed anyone who refused to sacrifice what they believed in for their life.

Whats the name of the city before it was renamed Constantinople? Byzantium 

What the Edict of Milan for? To stop discrimination towards people and their religion

Why did Jesus' message appeal more to the poor?
The poor was willing to listen, lost faith in the Roman gods and thought the gods were only helping the wealthy. There was a greater number of poor people.

Friday

In class we went over the homework assignment we had, I wasn't in class the day before so I didn't know about it. But I took notes.

The Germanic Barbarians 

·         Barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman culture became the “nobles” or aristocrats of medieval Europe

·         Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian peoples who lived beyond the frontiers and were still pagans. (Angles, Franks, Ostrogoth’s, Saxons, Vandals, and Visigoths)

·         The Angles and Saxons (from Denmark and northwestern Germany) invaded Britain and assimilated the native Britons

·         Most of the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in the seventh century

·         The most powerful Germanic tribe was the Franks

·         But the real power lay with the “mayors of the palace” who were royal officials and nobles themselves

From “Eastern Empire” to “Byzantium”

·         The Eastern Roman Empire continued on while the west was now divided up by the barbarian tribes

·         When the emperor Justinian came to power in 527, he decided to reunite the entire Roman Empire by reconquering the  western territories

·         Justinian succeeded for a time, but the land he re-took was soon conquered by new barbarian tribes and a massive plague depopulated most of the west

·         Greek Byzantine emperors saw themselves as Roman emperors and the heads of Christian Church

·         Byzantine preserved Greco-Roman art, architecture, philosophy and writing despite much of it being non-Christian

·         Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia (“Holy Wisdom”) in Constantinople, considered to be the most glorious church on earth at the time.

Thursday 16

I was not in class today but I'm guessing we went over the notes we took on the pages we read in our books.

Testestestestestest

Today in class we too a test. I studied very hard for this test and I am very confident in the work I put into my essays and answers. There was only one question I didn't answer and I think it was asking how many people were in Diocletian's government, after the test and found the answer and was kind of upset because I know I should of known the answer.

Notes for pages 164 to 173...

• Shortly after A.D 700, the renewal of European civilization in the West began.

• Around A.D 800, the Carolingian warrior king Charlemagne was able to conquer barbarian peoples in central Europe.

• During the era of renewal, barbarian and nomadic peoples, notably the Norsemen and Hungarians, continued  to raid, conquer, and settle in lands that had once belonged to Rome.

• By 1000, civilization had spread throughout Europe, and the three-thousand year old European barbarian way of life came to an end.

LO1 The Carolingians

• By A.D 700, the kingdom of the Franks, once the most powerful state in western Europe, was seemingly falling apart.

• The kingdom was divided among rival kings of the Merovingian dynasty, each controlled by a "mayor of the palace" (head of the royal household)

• In 714, an out-of-wedlock son of the family by the name of Charles laid claim to the position and won it in several years of civil war.

• Charles thereby became the ancestor of the new dynasty, the Carolingians

• The Carolingians rebuilt the Frankish kingdom. It was they who began the rise of the western Europe to become the heartland of Western civilization

The Rise of the Carolingian Dynasty

• Charles was a ruthless and warlike ruler who went down in history as Charles Martel ("Charles the Hammer")

• Rewarding followers meant giving gifts of land - but not from one's own family possessions, the main source of a ruler's wealth and power.

• Charles was a generous donator of land to favored monasteries, but bishops and abbots often belonged to noble families that he distrusted.

• Charles also gave land to foot soldiers who served him in peace and war.

• In 732, an Arab army moved out of the occupied territory on a large-scale raid far north into the Frankish kingdom

..........

Test Wednesday

Today in class we talked about the test we have coming up this Wednesday. After we discussed the test we had to write down questions we think Mr. Schick will have on the test.

Predicted Questions:

How did Diocletian persecute the Christians?

 First Edict

Diocletian ordered Christian churches to be burned and to have its treasures taken. He also ordered for all Christian scriptures and books to be destroyed, he made Christians potential subjects for judicial torture. Christian senators, equestrians, Recursion  veterans, and soldiers were devoid of their spot in the government and imperial freedmen were re-enslaved.

The second edict

Ordered the arrest as well as the imprisonment of all bishops and priests

The third edict

Ordered that if any imprisoned clergyman wanted to be freed, he would have to make a sacrifice to the Roman gods

The fourth edict

Ordered all men, women, and children to come to the public space and make a collective sacrifice together and if they refused, they would be executed

What is Constantine’s connection to Christianity?

How did Constantine restructure the empire?

When was the Pax Romana?  (Answer: 27 BC to 180 AD)

When was the Edict of Milan? (Answer: 313)

How much bigger was Diocletian's army then Augustus'? (Answer: 1/3)

What battle did Constantine fight in after his vision? (Answer: The Battle of Milvian Bridge) 

What is the story of Constantine vision? (Answer: He had a vision of a cross in the sky and next to it said you will win with this sign. So he put the sign on his shield in the battle he was in and won.)

What is the Edict of Milan? (Answer: A law saying you can't discriminate people against their religion.) 

How many people lived in Rome in 300 AD? (Answer: 60 million (7 million were Christian)

What are the four gospels? (Answer: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John)

FRIDAY 10

Today in class we reviewed the answers to the questions we answered in class on 

Thursday.

How did Diocletian persecute the Christians? 


What is Constantine's connection to Christianity? 


How did Constantine restructure the empire?



We spent a lot of the class talking about Constantine, how he was connected to Christianity, and the significance of him converging to the religion. I didn't take to many note because I already had many note on those questions/answers. 

Persecution of the Christians

The second edict

Ordered the arrest as well as the imprisonment of all bishops and priests

The third edict

Ordered that if any imprisoned clergyman wanted to be freed, he would have to make a sacrifice to the Roman gods

The fourth edict

Ordered all men, women, and children to come to the public space and make a collective sacrifice together and if they refused, they would be executed

The Struggle

The Roman Empire Struggles…

In the Third Century AD:

·         Epidemic disease spreads throughout the Empire

-          Many people lived in close corners

-          Too many people, unsanitary, pouring waste into the streets

·         It’s hard to defend the frontier against the barbarians

·         Emperors began to lose their hold on power

-          Stay in power for an average of two and a half years, due to wars or assassination

·         Maintaining armies is expensive

·         Still too many poverty-stricken citizens

284 AD – Diocletian’s reforms:

·         Increase the size of the army to 4000,000

-          1/3 bigger than during Augustus’’ time

-          Recruit from the ranks of the barbarians

·         Divide Roman territories into smaller provinces

-          This new gov’t had 20,000 officials – ten times more than under Augustus

-          They were more efficient at collecting higher taxes – this greater yield provided for a larger army

300 AD:

·         60 million people in the Roman empire

·         Several million are Christians

·         Christianity has quite an appeal to the poor and disenfranchised – and there are plenty of those!

·         More Christians – more face-to-face contacts –more conversations – more offspring

·         Some Christians are even gaining positions of power, became the ruling elite

To persecute or not to persecute

·         Diocletian (ruled from 284 – 305) left Christians alone at first

·         Then he undertook the most systematic persecution of all*

·         Constantine ruled as emperor 306 – 337

·         What was his connection with Christianity?*

·         And how did he restructure the empire?*

How did Diocletian persecute the Christians?

Diocletian ordered Christian churches to be burned and to have its treasures taken. He also ordered for all Christian scriptures and books to be destroyed, he made Christians potential subjects for judicial torture. Christian senators, equestrians, Decurion, veterans, and soldiers were devoid of their spot in the government and imperial freedmen were re-enslaved.

What is Constantine’s connection to Christianity?

Constantine’s mother was a Christian so he either adopted the religion when he was young or gradually throughout his life. He was not baptized until shortly before his death. Constantine’s conversion to Christian was huge, because Rome’s emperor before him persecuted Christians.

How did Constantine restructure the empire?

- Made it easier for the empire to respond to invasion

- Built defense strategic location, w/ forum, palaces, amphitheater, churches

-  gave grants to Christian leaders, symbolizing Christianity's growing role

-  Public baths, Arch of Constantine, first to build churches, first basilica to Saint Peter

LO2 Christianity in the Era of the Roman Peace

Jesus

•  During this Era Jewish conflict and dispute led to the destruction of the Temple in A.D 70.

• What is most known of Jesus is written in his gospels, named after Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Which are thought to be written between forty and seventy years after he died about A.D 30

• Scholars debate in how much these stories reflect Jesus's actual works and deeds

The Teacher

• The gospels were written at a time when the Jewish majority and the believers in Jesus were turning against each other
• Jesus taught that even the most faithful righteousness according to the Law fell short of what was necessary to please God. One must love not only one's friends but one's enemies; one must refrain only from adultery but from lustful thoughts.
• Jesus made a point of associating with people whom sticklers for the Law thought of as highly displeasing to God

Friday

Today in class we got with our partners and started to write our 500 word or more papers on Pax Romana. Maria is my partner again, I think we work very well together and we get our work done. All we did was work on our papers so not much really happened so there isn't much to blog about, but I believe Maria and I will get a good grade on this assignment.

HE WANTS TO BE KING!

Farmer who fought in war lost their farms when they returned home, and were reduced to the lowest "proletarian" citizen status.

• Proletarian - Property-less  citizens who can still vote

War profiteers abandoned and traded in slaves, weapons, and bought abandoned farms and plantations

• Buy ruined farms
• Small plots were merged into large estates for use of vineyards and olive groves
• In 150 BC slaves made up a third of the population in Italy

In second century BC the Gracchi brothers attempted to carve out special rights for the poor

The Plan

• Resettle many of the city's poor on small farms
• Provide a public subsidy of grain (welfare) for those who remained in Rome
• This would raise the number of independent self sufficient farmers (shortens the gap between the poor and rich) 

Gaius 

• Brother of Tiberius (8 years younger)ack would get paid i
• His head was cut off, whoever brought his head back will get paid the amount the head weighs in gold.

West Civ 4-1-13

Today in class we watched more of the Rome video about Tiberius. We finished off with Tiberius making a promise to the Barbarians to save thousands of soldiers and Romans. After the surrender Tiberius was recommended to run for Tribune. Each year 10 people are elected Tribune, to defend the peoples rights. In the Forum 133 BC Tiberius made his speech to the people to get a spot as Tribune. Tiberius won Tribune and used his Vito to put the government to stop and to show how powerful he could be if messed with. Octavious turned the aristocrats and other Romans against Tiberius by telling them he wanted to become king. There was a small war between those who supported Tiberius and those who though he wanted to be king. Wanting to be king was the worst thing someone could be accused of doing. On the day of Tiberius's election he was beat to death buy chairs, benches and other things found in the senate. He was not given a proper funeral, he was tossed in the river. Tiberius was killed along with 300 of his supporters.